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Generosity: David Ferry on Good Translations

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In his commentary to Dialogos: Paired Poems in Translation by George Kalogeris, David Ferry offers some keen words of translation wisdom:

The human quality that a good translation gives evidence of is generosity: the generosity of imagination that can hear and respond to the voice of somebody else which speaks or spoke in another language and place and sometimes time; the generosity that tries to reproduce, in so far as it can, the qualities of that voice, not only the data of what is said, but the feelings, the attitudes, the nuances, the shifts, the hesitations, the intensities, and the degrees of intensities, that he or she hears in that voice of somebody else.

He advances this idea of generosity, exploring the visibility of the translator’s own voice:

What we hear in a good translation is not purely that voice of somebody else but also the voice of the translator registering that effort and its delight. It’s an activity which is at the same time selfless and not selfless. And when that voice of somebody else is the voice of someone great the delight in the effort is exalting, and the delight in that is one of the ways the voice of the translator himself enters in and is heard.

That last line, in its philosophical positioning of two voices that are both unified and distinct, seems to echo the first sentence of John Ashbery’s “The Skaters”:

These decibels
Are a kind of flagellation, an entity of sound
Into which being enters, and is apart.

Check out all of David Ferry’s commentary and the entire, remarkable book of paired poems in translation here.

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Hugo Claus in Photographs

Claus Hugo.2

 

In the office, we’re getting excited about the upcoming November publication of Even Now, selected poems of Hugo Claus, defly translated from the Dutch by David Colmer. In anticipation, here are some photos, courtesy of De Wolken: Uit de geheime laden van Hugo Claus (De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam: 2011).

 

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For more, visit the Even Now & Wonder pages.

 

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Celebrating Erasure I: Mary Ruefle

CRI_174840Kazimir Malevich. Suprematist Composition: White on White. 1918

 

We’re a big fan of erasure here at Archipelago: the deliberate censoring of certain words of text to reveal a new meaning. The new creation combines literature with visual arts and can also subvert or reverse the meaning of the original. Erasure is, in a way, a kind of translation. In tribute, we’ll devote a few posts to some of our favorite erasures.

 

The first:

 

Mary Ruefle, Little White Shadow (Wave Books, 2006):

 

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More info here.
 

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Authors and Their Pets

American-lobster

 

Bronwen Durocher leads us on an exploration of authors and their pets:

 

Whether he or she serves the author on the page or in their laps, animals (and the pet, in particular) have long been central to the comfort and inspiration of a vast array of famous writers.  Gérard de Nerval wrote about the virtues of lobsters, Flannery O’ Connor let peacocks take over her gardens in Georgia, Carl Sandburg kept dairy goats in North Carolina, and Byron had a bear at Cambridge.  One may be tempted to think of these pets as the whimsical byproduct of the fanciful and artistic temperament, but I think Flannery O’ Connor answered this critique best when she wrote

Once or twice I have been asked what the peacock is ‘good for’—a question which gets no answer from me because it deserves none.

 

From what I’ve gleaned from living in New York, cats are the pet of choice for the be-spectacled, book-laden urban-dweller. The Archipelago Books staff boasts three cats between us, which is respectable, if unremarkable. Samuel Clemens, for one, is said to have furry felines numbering in the double digits, and Ernst Hemingway housed and fed an estimated 23 cats at his home in Key West. On the virtues of the cat, Hemingway once wrote,

A cat has absolute emotional honesty: human beings, for one reason or another, may hide their feelings, but a cat does not.

 

cat1[Photo credit: brainpickings.org]

Archipelago authors share Hemingway’s sentiments. Jacques Poulin, author of Archipelago’s Mister Blue, Spring Tides and Translation is a Love Affair, often writes cats into his narratives. In Mister Blue, the protagonist’s cat becomes a metaphor for the elusive nature of language:

Words are independent, like cats, and they don’t do what you want them to do. You can love them, stroke them, say sweet things to them all you want – they still break off and go their own way.

 

cat2 Julio Cortázar, author of Archipelago’s Autonauts of the Cosmoroute, The Diary of Andrés Fava, and From the Observatory, is photographed here with his furry feline, Theodor W. Adorno. [Image courtesy of: alexisravelo.wordpress.com]

 

Like Jacques Poulin, Julio Cortázar was an unabashed cat lover. In Around the Day in Eighty Worlds, Cortázar wrote,

I sometimes longed for someone who, like me, had not adjusted perfectly with his age, and such a person was hard to find; but I soon discovered cats, in which I could imagine a condition like mine, and books, where I found it quite often.

 

Around the Day in Eighty Worlds is littered with references to animals, from a distracted writer who follows the travails of a fly, to a contemplation of the eradication of crocodiles in the Auvergne region of France, to the proliferation of the “everyday” jaguar. This is perhaps unsurprising considering the protagonist of Cortázar’s famous short story “Axolotl” obsesses over the tiny Mexican amphibian until he becomes one.

Cortazar’s affinity for strange animals is only outdone by the amusing and eccentric French author, Gérard de Nerval.  According to his friend Guillaume Apollinaire, de Nerval could be seen taking his pet lobster for walks in the Palais-Royal gardens in Paris in the late nineteenth century. (This apocryphal tale is highly unlikely. Lobsters can’t survive more than 30 minutes or so out of water.) His response to his friend’s questioning serves as an apt ending to this post:

And what could be quite so ridiculous as making a dog, a cat, a gazelle, a lion or any other beast follow one about. I have affection for lobsters. They are tranquil, serious and they know the secrets of the sea.

 

For more on famous author’s pets, read Brain Pickings’ lovely article here.  For photos of writers and their animals, see Flavorwire’s slideshow here and for an in-depth analysis of animals and pets in literature, read 50 Watts’ article here.

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Head of Emotional State

It’s always a surprise when presidents or kings or prime ministers or otherwise powerful heads of state reveal a poetic side. Sometimes it’s laughable, but other times — considering they were probably busy dealing with things like the defeat of the Spanish Armada or mending the wartorn homeland — the poetry’s not so bad. Here are two of my favorite examples from English:

 

The Suicide’s Soliloquy
by Abraham Lincoln

Here, where the lonely hooting owl
Sends forth his midnight moans,
Fierce wolves shall o’er my carcase growl,
Or buzzards pick my bones.
No fellow-man shall learn my fate,
Or where my ashes lie;
Unless by beasts drawn round their bait,
Or by the ravens’ cry.
Yes! I’ve resolved the deed to do,
And this the place to do it:
This heart I’ll rush a dagger through,
Though I in hell should rue it!
Hell! What is hell to one like me
Who pleasures never know;
By friends consigned to misery,
By hope deserted too?
To ease me of this power to think,
That through my bosom raves,
I’ll headlong leap from hell’s high brink,
And wallow in its waves.
Though devils yell, and burning chains
May waken long regret;
Their frightful screams, and piercing pains,
Will help me to forget.
Yes! I’m prepared, through endless night,
To take that fiery berth!
Think not with tales of hell to fright
Me, who am damn’d on earth!
Sweet steel! come forth from our your sheath,
And glist’ning, speak your powers;
Rip up the organs of my breath,
And draw my blood in showers!
I strike! It quivers in that heart
Which drives me to this end;
I draw and kiss the bloody dart,
My last—my only friend!

 

Pretty dramatic. But since he’s Abraham Lincoln, we’ll let it slide. Another, which, taken with the title, really strikes me:

Written with a Diamond on her Window at Woodstock
by Queen Elizabeth I

Much suspected by me,
Nothing proved can be,
Quoth Elizabeth prisoner.

 

That titular image — the avian Queen scratching a royal jewel across the window — sets a particular lonely and ridiculous mood before we even reach the poem.

 

The closest we’ve come to presidential poetry in this century are, shockingly, from George W. Bush. His bizarre self-portrait paintings leaked onto the internet some time ago, and, as arts blogger Greg Allen so astutely observed:

The amazing thing is not just that they literally show Bush’s own perspective—but that Bush is using the process of painting to show his own perspective. It’s a level of self-reflection, even self-awareness, that seems completely at odds with his approach to governing.

They may not send ripples through the contemporary art world, but they do seem to speak to the emotional life of a public political figure, a rarity. And in this case, to eerie effect.

Well done, rulers.

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Translating the Internet: A Collaboration

Luis von Ahn, inventor of the security feature CAPTCHA and the project Duolingo, proposes a mass translation of the internet, via outsourcing:

Okay, so there’s a lot of things to say about this question. First of all, translating the Web. So right now the Web is partitioned into multiple languages. A large fraction of it is in English.If you don’t know any English, you can’t access it. But there’s large fractions in other different languages, and if you don’t know those languages, you can’t access it. So I would like to translate all of the Web, or at least most of the Web, into every major language. So that’s what I would like to do.

Now some of you may say, why can’t we use computers to translate? Why can’t we use machine translation? Machine translation nowadays is starting to translate some sentences here and there.Why can’t we use it to translate the whole Web? Well the problem with that is that it’s not yet good enough and it probably won’t be for the next 15 to 20 years. It makes a lot of mistakes.Even when it doesn’t make a mistake, since it makes so many mistakes, you don’t know whether to trust it or not.

 

His solution not only translates the Internet, but also teaches a foreign language to users. The service works both ways!

 

Check out the TED talk here, with his Duolingo discussion starting around 9:00.

 

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Calvin Bedient on Conceptualism in Boston Review

Illuminating and sharp article from Calvin Bedient in the Boston Review against conceptualism in poetry:

Poetry is accustomed to being berated for having too much of this or too little of that, come back when you are classical, baroque, romantic, avant-garde, or postmodern, you just aren’t there yet, you fairly engaging thing. But who could have foreseen that poetry would finally be attacked for being poetry?

 

And elsewhere:

But this cerebral poetry does its work in a period when the old assumption that culture could be progressive is dead. It is thus devoted to ruins. It is reactionary at the same time that its alliance with digital technologies—technologies that facilitate copying, sampling, and remixing; that “float” documents and make them seem up for grabs—gives it the lure of being very “now.” As an effort to form an avant-garde, “head” poetry thus diverges sharply from the disruptive-to-revolutionary aesthetic and political aims that characterized the early 20th century avant-gardes.

 

Regardless of your views on the subject, I think it’s safe to say we could do with a few more critical writers of Bedient’s caliber. There are too few authors writing about the politics of poetics in such an intelligent manner.

 

Read the full article here.

 

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Benjamin’s “The Task of the Translator” – Part III

Benjamin-sm

 

A final look at Walter Benjamin’s “The Task of the Translator.” If you haven’t already, check out Part I & Part II.

For the great motif of integrating many tongues into one true language is at work. This language is one in which the independent sentences, works of literature, critical judgments, will never communicate–for they remain dependent on translation; but in it the languages themselves, supplemented and reconciled in their mode of signification, harmonize. If there is such a thing as a language of truth, the tensionless and even silent depository of the ultimate truth which all thought strives for, then this language of truth is–the true language. And this very language, whose divination and description is the only perfection a philosopher can hope for, is concealed in concentrated fashion in translation.

The original text — Benjamin seems to be saying — is itself an approximation of Truth. And so, each translation is a further triangulation around an epicenter of true meaning. Of course, this may call into question the authority of the author, but Benjamin separates the two tasks by designating translation as a “mode.”

 

He clarifies this difference further, comparing a translator to a philosopher like himself:

There is no muse of philosophy, nor is there one of translation. But despite the claims of sentimental artists, these two are not banausic. For there is a philosophical genius that is characterized by a yearning for that language which manifests itself in translations…[T]ranslation…is midway between poetry and doctrine. Its products are less sharply defined, but it leaves no less of a mark on history.

 

We should hope that translation — especially the translation of literature — should strike somewhere boldly between poetry and philosophy.

 

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Comparing Cavafy’s "The City"

my-cavafy-21_display[  from Stahis Orphanos’s MY CAVAFY which pairs Cavafy’s poems with contemporary portraits ]

I just came across this article about comparing translations of Constantin Cavafy’s “The City”, and thought I would throw a few more ideas and translations of the last stanza into the mix.

First, a translation from our own Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard (C.P. Cavafy, Collected Poems. Translated by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard. Edited by George Savidis. Princeton University Press, 1992).

You won’t find a new country, won’t find another shore.
This city will always pursue you. You will walk
the same streets, grow old in the same neighborhoods,
will turn gray in these same houses.
You will always end up in this city. Don’t hope for things elsewhere:
there is no ship for you, there is no road.
As you’ve wasted your life here, in this small corner,
you’ve destroyed it everywhere else in the world.

The directness, here, electrifies the voice of Cavafy. The tone feels cavernous and cold, which lets the idea of an inescapable reputation ring and echo throughout. They chose to include contractions. The poem seems to beg to be spoken, something which I tend to  like, and the intimacy helps the drive till the end.

Next, Rae Delven’s 1948 translation lauded by, among others, W.H. Auden:

You will find no new lands, you will find no other seas.
The city will follow you. You will roam the same
streets. And you will age in the same neighborhoods;
and you will grow gray in these same houses.
Always you will arrive in this city. Do not hope for any other–
There is no ship for you, there is no road.
As you have destroyed your life here
in this little corner, you have ruined it in the entire world.

I love the inversion of “Always you will arrive in this city.” The emphasis of “always,” rather than feeling archaic, seems to hammer home the point. Interesting how the next line — “There is no ship for you, there is no road” is exactly the same as Keeley/Sherrard’s. “Destroyed” certainly adds a much different texture than “wasted.”

And, finally, Daniel Mendelsohn’s recent 2009 translation:

You’ll find no new places, you won’t find other shores.
The city will follow you. The streets in which you pace
will be the same, you’ll haunt the same familiar places,
and inside those same houses you’ll grow old.
You’ll always end up in this city. Don’t bother to hope
for a ship, a route, to take you somewhere else; they don’t exist.
Just as you’ve destroyed your life, here in this
small corner, so you’ve wasted it through all the world.

The most colloquial of the three, Mendelsohn’s translation hits the point in a different way, like the hurtful rant of a drunken uncle you admire. For some reason — maybe it’s the relentless commas instead of periods — this translation feels more disparaging. The speaker not only advises against hope, but says “Don’t bother to hope…” Things seem already to have been decided. A life is already “wasted…through all the world.”

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Cortazar on Play

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For me, literature is a form of play. But I’ve always added that there are two forms of play: football, for example, which is basically a game, and then games that are very profound and serious. When children play, though they’re amusing themselves, they take it very seriously. It’s important. It’s just as serious for them now as love will be ten years from now. I remember when I was little and my parents used to say, ‘Okay, you’ve played enough, come take a bath now.’ I found that completely idiotic, because, for me, the bath was a silly matter. It had no importance whatsoever, while playing with my friends was something serious. Literature is like that—it’s a game, but it’s a game one can put one’s life into. One can do everything for that game.
Julio Cortázar, Argentine novelist (1914-1984), in an interview with The Paris Review

Check out Cortázar’s Autonauts of the Cosmoroute or the brilliant Hopscotch.